自孔明ê將星講到「臺」佮「台」2字

孔明ê將星

是講羅貫中佇伊ê小說《三國演義》中寫到孔明家己領1隊蜀軍來到五丈原，設局想欲唌渭北ê司馬懿出兵，毋閣硞硞等司馬懿攏無著吊，久來返倒是孔明ê舊病煞夯khài 昏倒，1暗伊帶病觀察星象，看1下煞誠驚惶，轉去共姜維講：「吾見三台星中，客星倍明，主星幽隱，相輔列曜，其光昏暗：天象如此，吾命可知！」伊知影家己ê陽壽恐驚是欲盡矣。

小說內所講ê這个“三台星”其實3組星，in 分別是上台、中台、下台，以咱今仔日所用ê西洋星座來解說逐家應該較清楚，in 著是北斗七星彼大隻熊(大熊座)ê 3个跤蹄仔。

但是到底孔明ê將星是這三組星ê叨1粒咧?

捌有人用古早ê命理、占星術(tsiàm-sin-su̍t)ê規則推斷，譬如上台二粒星是代表天子佮皇后，中台是代表諸侯、卿大夫，下台是士、庶民。所以孔明ê將星是中台上星(中台一)。

不而過咱斟酌看小說內寫ê故事，

「客星倍明，主星幽隱」講客星變成比過去閣較光有1倍以上，主星佇伊邊仔煞予人感覺真暗淡。若講羅貫中並無白賊，這款代誌是按怎有可能實際上發生咧?我想來想起，干焦有1个會當解釋ê方式。

咱若位天文科學這方面來看中台彼2粒星，中台下星(中台二)是大熊座 Mu，伊是1粒紅巨星，嘛是變星，彼ê光度會佇+2.99等佮+3.33等之間變化（週期不名），上暗到上光差約0.3等，2.5 ê 0.3次方大約是1.3，表示是差1.3倍光度(1等星比6等星光100倍)，所以中台下星確實是有可能“倍明”。照按呢看，孔明ê將星著是彼隔壁ê中台上星(中台一，大熊座  Lambda)，

這是我個人ê推論。

毋閣話講轉來，《三國演義》是小說，是fiction，真真假假毋通傷認真。啊是按怎會雄雄講起三台星咧，其實我是teh 揣「台」這个漢字ê典故時看著ê，感覺這个星官真心適，罔揣資料做議量。

In Luo Guanzhong's historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms(三國演義), it is written that Zhuge Liang(諸葛亮) led a Shu army to Wuzhang Plains and set up a trap to lure Sima Yi (司馬懿)of Wei out of his stronghold. However, Sima Yi remained cautious and did not take the bait. After a long wait, Zhuge Liang's old illness worsened, and he collapsed. One night, despite his illness, he observed the stars and was greatly alarmed. He turned to Jiang Wei (姜維) and said, "I see in the Three Terrace Stars(三台星) that the guest star is exceptionally bright while the main star is dim. The auxiliary stars are also dim. Given such celestial phenomena, my fate is clear." He knew that his life was coming to an end.

The "Three Terrace Stars" mentioned in the novel refer to three sets of stars: the Upper Terrace(上台), Middle Terrace(中台), and Lower Terrace(下台). Using modern Western constellations, we can understand that these stars correspond to the three feet of the Big Dipper.

But which of these stars represented Zhuge Liang's fate? Some people have used ancient Chinese astrology and divination techniques to make inferences. For example, the two stars of the Upper Terrace represent the emperor and empress, the Middle Terrace represents feudal lords and high-ranking officials, and the Lower Terrace represents scholars and common people. Therefore, they argue that Zhuge Liang's fate was linked to the first star of the Middle Terrace(中台一).

However, if we consider the details in the novel, the phrase "the guest star is exceptionally bright while the main star is dim" implies that the guest star became more than twice as bright, overshadowing the main star. Unless Luo Guanzhong was fabricating this, how could such a phenomenon actually occur? After careful consideration, I have found a possible explanation.

If we look at the two stars of the Middle Terrace from an astronomical perspective, the second star （中台二）of the Middle Terrace (Mu in Ursa Major) is a red giant and a variable star. Its brightness fluctuates between +2.99 and +3.33 magnitudes (with an unknown period). The difference in brightness between its dimmest and brightest states is approximately 0.3 magnitudes. Since a difference of one magnitude corresponds to a brightness ratio of 2.512, this means that the second star of the Middle Terrace could indeed become 1.3 times brighter. Based on this, I conclude that Zhuge Liang's fate was linked to the neighboring first star of the Middle Terrace (Lambda in Ursa Major).

However, it's important to remember that Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a novel, a work of fiction. We shouldn't take everything in it too seriously. So why did I suddenly start talking about the Three Terrace Stars? Well, I was researching the etymology of the Chinese character "台" and came across these stars. I thought the storyq were quite interesting, so I did some casual research.

「台」佮「臺」本底是無仝ê2字

佇古早ê中國大陸，「台」、「臺」實際上是2个無仝意思抑無仝發音ê字，這應該足濟人知--ia，我今仔日只是因為興趣將我查著ê資料寫 tshūaih ，囥佇下跤作1 个記錄。

先來看漢朝許慎ê《說文》，內面記載ê「台」佮「臺」已經是完全無仝ê 2个字。“「臺」觀四方而高者”，講「臺」有懸ê意思。ia 另外彼字「台」，伊寫 “「台」說也。从口㠯聲”。

伊閣講台ê發音佮「㠯」仝款，咱若閣查「㠯」，著會發見自古早攏講伊是「以」ê古字。

十韻彙編

西漢司馬遷寫ê《史記》ê 〈太史公自序〉內有寫「唐堯遜位，虞舜不台。」，這裡所在ê「台」是歡喜ê意思，也著是許慎佇《說文》內「台」字下跤注記講ê“怡”ê意思。

紲落來咱來看「臺」佮「台」這兩字是按怎唸ê？

佇唐本《切韻》內（切韻是隋•陸法言發明ê注音方式，提反切頂字ê聲，反切下字ê韻佮調，按呢來鬥作一音），咱會看著「台」這个字已經變成有2種唸法，一種是“與之反”，佮「飴」仝音，若以台語去唸 是“î ”，是“我”ê意思。另外一種唸法是佮「胎」字仝，切音是“湯來反”，台音唸 “thâi”（佮台灣唸「刣」仝款）(/th/是送氣塞音)，韻書內舉例有“天台山”、“三台星”。

另1方面，佇《切韻》內底，「臺」是高ê意思，音切“徒來”佮“徒哀”，用台音切著是“tâi”佮“tai”(/t/是不送氣塞音)，這才是咱 tsìn 唸ê“臺灣”ê台語音。「台」、「臺」 是2个無仝ê字。

所謂三台星其實是天頂ê三組星(2粒1組)，並毋是1粒也毋是3粒星。以今仔ê神話星圖來看是佇大熊ê跤ê位置。

關於三台星，我揣著ê上早ê古册記載是《晉書天文志》ê「三台六星，兩兩而居，起文昌，列抵太微。一曰天柱，三公之位也。在人曰三公，在天曰三台， 主開德宣符也。」

另外唐朝ê王希明介紹星官ê詩歌〈丹元子步天歌〉ê太微宮(太微)ê 部份最後一句著是「北門西外接三台，與垣相對無兵災。」，這个三台嘛是“三台星”。

在元朝羅貫中寫ê《三國演義》內有1段故事是寫孔明觀三台星，知影伊ê陽壽將盡ê故事。但是這是羅貫中ê小說內寫的，是毋是真ê無人知，而且我查著ê上早ê三台星記載是佇《晉書天文志》，佇閣較早ê三國時代，遐ê人敢已經有“三台星”ê星名？（咱這馬會當確定ê是「台」字ê [thâi]這个音開始出現彼時應該是佇漢佮晉朝之間。）

咱閣繼續轉來看「臺」佮「台」2音ê發展。佇紲落來ê宋朝ê《廣韻》時這2字猶原分了真清楚，用台語去切抑是無仝ê 2音(台: 土來切，音 thâi ，同「胎」，又與之切，音 î ，同「飴」。

臺：徒哀切，音 tai)。

仙想著想無後來這2字是按怎煞予濫作夥咧？

鋩角可能佇遮，假使咱若換用台灣華語來切「台」ê“湯來反”佮「臺」ê“徒來反”這兩個反切，結果「徒」佮「湯」2个聲符佇華語攏是讀作送氣音th，所以這2个字ê華語音煞變完全仝款，讀作“ㄊㄞˊ”。

（「臺」佇廣韻另外閣有一个“徒哀切”e音，以台灣華語切是讀作thai，佮「胎」相仝）。

查資料有人講位元朝以後ê北方官話著佮今仔日ê北京話(“普通話”) ê音韻系統差不多啊，檢采是因為中國大陸北方話ê關係，自彼陣開始「台」、「臺」這2字慢慢濫作夥用？這是我 teh 臆--ê。

終其尾，現代咱臺灣ê教育部已經將臺灣華語唸作 “ㄊㄞˊ” 這个音彼時ê「台」字編入「臺」ê異體字當中囉，欲用叨1字應該是無差啊--啦--honnh?